Results for Cytokines & Chemokines ( 2178 )
Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), also known as CTLA-8, belongs to the IL-17 cytokine family. IL-17A is expressed in memory Th17 cells and is a product of memory CD4+T cells. In addition to Th17 cells, IL-17A can also be produced by various immune cells, including CD8+T cells γδ T cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. IL-17A plays a crucial role in the host's defense mechanisms against many bacterial and fungal pathogens, as well as in allergic and autoimmune responses. IL-17A plays a role in viral infection by promoting neutrophil inflammation. IL-17A is a homodimeric cytokine with similar biological activity to IL-17F. IL-17A and IL-17RA have high affinity binding, and IL-17RA is essential for the biological activity of IL-17A. IL-17A cannot bind to T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells lacking IL-17RA. IL-17A is associated with various autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and psoriasis. IL-17A als
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a multifunctional ligand protein belonging to TGF β Family. BMP4 is expressed by endothelial cells (EC) in response to hypoxia and promotes proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). For example, it inhibits the proliferation of SMCs isolated from the proximal pulmonary artery while inducing the proliferation of SMCs isolated from the distal pulmonary artery. BMP4 seems to be a marker and driver of vascular calcification, especially in atherosclerosis. BMP4 induces angiogenesis, endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, and migration. BMP4 is differentially expressed in calcified atherosclerotic plaque, which is the junction between atherosclerotic vascular calcification and normal bone formation mechanism. BMP4 increases plaque formation, promotes oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and osteogenic differentiation through its proinflammatory and atherogenic effects.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 17 (FGF-17) is a part of the fibroblast growth factor family. FGF family members have broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in various biological processes includingmorphogenesis, embryonic development cell growth, , tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. The FGF17 gene is highly expressed in the cerebellum and cortex. The mouse homolog of the FGF17 gene is localized to specific sites in the midline structures of the forebrain, the midbrain-hindbrain junction, developing skeleton and developing arteries, suggesting a part in central nervous system, bone and vascular development.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that also has an important role in immunity. Mouse IL-6 appears to be directly involved in the responses that occur after infection and injury and may prove to be as important as IL-1 in regulating the acute phase response. Mouse IL-6 is reported to be produced by fibroblasts, activated T cells, activated monocytes or macrophages, and endothelial cells. It acts upon a variety of cells, including fibroblasts, myeloid progenitor cells, T cells, B cells and hepatocytes. IL-6 has a wide variety of biological functions: it plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B-cells into Ig-secreting cells, it induces myeloma and plasmacytoma growth, nerve cells differentiation in hepatocytes, and acute phase reactants.
GDF-7 belongs to the TGF-β superfamily of growth and differentiation factors. It is expressed selectively by roof plate cells that are located in the developing embryonic central nervous system, and has been shown to influence the neuronal identity of cells within the central nervous system. GDF-7 has also been implicated in the formation, maintenance, and repair of certain cartilage and ligament tissues.
Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP-15), also known as GDF-9B, is a TGF-β superfamily ligand that is expressed by oocytes throughout folliculogenesis, and plays an important role in oocyte development. BMP-15 promotes the FSH-independent proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells (GC) and induces GC glycolysis and cholesterol synthesis. It also induces GC production of stem cell factor which, in turn, negatively regulates BMP-15 expression in oocytes. BMP-15 blocks the FS-induced GC expression of FSH R and multiple steroidogenic molecules.