Results for Cytokines & Chemokines ( 2178 )
Interleukin-2(IL-2)is a O-glycosylated four α-helix bundle cytokine that has potent stimulatory activity for antigenactivated T cells. It is expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. Mature rat IL-2 shares 66% and 73% amino acid sequence identity with human and mouse IL-2,respectively. The receptor for IL-2 consists of three subunits that are present on the cell surface in varying preformed complexes. IL-2 is a powerful immunoregulatory lymphokine produced by T-cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions that are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells, NK cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and oligodendrocytes.
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates diverse T and B cell responses including cell proliferation; survival and gene expression. IL-4 is produced by mast cells; T cells; and bone marrow stromal cells. IL-4 regulates the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into helper Th2 cells; characterized by their cytokine-secretion profile that includes secretion of IL-4; IL-5; IL-6; IL-10; and IL-13; which favor a humoral immune response. Another dominant function of IL-4 is the regulation of immunoglobulin class switching to the IgG1 and IgE isotypes. Excessive IL-4 production by Th2 cells has been associated with elevated IgE production and allergic response.
Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a potent growth promoting cytokine. IL-3 can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as well as various lineage committed progenitors. IL-3 exerts its biological function through binding to specific cell surface receptors. The amino acid sequences of this protein among different species share relatively low identity and its activity is highly species-specific. IL-3 has also been shown to possess neurotrophic activity; and is thought to be associated with neurologic disorders.
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is the founding member of the IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines, which have important immunological functions. IL-12 is composed of two disulfide-linkedsubunits of 35 kDa and 40 kDa, respectively. The 35 kDa subunit (p35) is an α-helical protein homologous to IL-6 and GCSF.The 40 kDa subunit(p40) contains one fibronectin type III and one Ig C2-like domain, and has a high degree of structural homology to type I cytokine receptors. Whereas p35 subunit is unique to IL-12,the p40 subunit is also utilized in IL-23.Mature rat p35 is a 194 amino acids (aa) protein that is secreted as a heterodimer linked to p40. It contains three potential N-linked glycosylation sites and shares 86%, and 58% aa sequence identity with mouse and human p35, respectively. Mature rat p40 contains 313 aa and can exist in multiple forms, including monomer, homodimer, heterodimer linked to p19 (forming IL23), and heterodimer linked to p35 (forming IL-12). IL12 facilitates hematopoietic st
Interleukin-2(IL-2)is a O-glycosylated four α-helix bundle cytokine that has potent stimulatory activity for antigenactivated T cells. It is expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. Mature rat IL-2 shares 66% and 73% amino acid sequence identity with human and mouse IL-2,respectively. The receptor for IL-2 consists of three subunits that are present on the cell surface in varying preformed complexes. IL-2 is a powerful immunoregulatory lymphokine produced by T-cells in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. IL-2/IL-2R signaling is required for T-cell proliferation and other fundamental functions that are essential for the immune response. IL-2 stimulates growth and differentiation of B-cells, NK cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and oligodendrocytes.
FGF6, also known as FGF-6, belongs to the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. Members of this family have extensive mitogenic and cell survival activities, and participate in many biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FGF6 plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell differentiation, angiogenesis and myogenesis. It is also necessary for normal muscle regeneration.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 17(FGF-17) is a member of the heparin - binding growth factors family that is prominently expressed in the cerebellum and cortex. Proteins of this family possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities and they are involved in a variety of biological processes including embryonic development cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth, and invasion. FGF-17 plays an important role in the regulation of embryonic development and it acts as signaling molecule in the induction and patterning of the embryonic brain. In addition, FGF-17 stimulates the proliferation and activation of cells that express FGF receptors.