ELISA

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP4 gene which is located to 14q22-q23. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. BMP4 is a polypeptide belonging to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins. It, like other bone morphogenetic proteins, is involved in bone and cartilage development, specifically tooth and limb development and fracture repair. It has been shown to be involved in muscle development, bone mineralization, and uteric bud development. BMP4 has also been implicated in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva in which it is underexpressed. In human embryonic development, BMP4 is a critical signaling molecule required for the early differentiation of the embryo and establishing of a dorsal-ventral axis. BMP4 is secreted from the dorsal portion of the notochord, and it acts in concert with sonic hedgehog (released from the ventral portion

Ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF) is a potent polypeptide hormone whose actions appear to be restricted to the nervous system where it promotes survival, neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. The hCNTF gene is located on chromosome 11, as determined using human-hamster somatic cell hybrids. The CNTF protein is highly conserved in evolution. The amino acid(aa) sequences of rat and rabbit CNTF translated from cDNAs display approx. 85% homology with the deduced aa sequence encoding hCNTF. CNTF induces weight loss and improves glucose tolerance in humans and rodents. CNTF is thought to act centrally by inducing hypothalamic neurogenesis to modulate food intake and peripherally by altering hepatic gene expression, in a manner similar to that of leptin.

Epidermal growth factor or EGF is a growth factor that plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation by binding to its receptor EGFR. Human EGF is a 6045-Da protein with 53 amino acid residues and three intramolecular disulfide bonds. EGF acts by binding with high affinity to epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) on the cell surface and stimulating the intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor. EGF results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. It also has a profound effect on the differentiation of specific cells in vivo and is a potent mitogenic factor for a variety of cultured cells of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. EGF has strong expression in kidney, salivary gland, cerebrum, and prostate, moderate expression in trachea and thyroid, and low expression in bone marrow, heart, spleen, thymus, uterus, and colon. No expression was detected in adrenal gland, liver, lung, cerebellum, placenta, and

Epidermal growth factor or EGF is a growth factor that plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation by binding to its receptor EGFR. EGF acts by binding with high affinity to epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) on the cell surface and stimulating the intrinsic protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor. EGF results in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. It also has a profound effect on the differentiation of specific cells in vivo and is a potent mitogenic factor for a variety of cultured cells of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. EGF has strong expression in kidney, salivary gland, cerebrum, and prostate, moderate expression in trachea and thyroid, and low expression in bone marrow, heart, spleen, thymus, uterus, and colon. No expression was detected in adrenal gland, liver, lung, cerebellum, placenta, and small intestine.

The epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR; ErbB-1; HER1 in humans) is the cell-surface receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family(EGF-family) of extracellular protein ligands.1 It is a member of the ErbB family of receptors, a subfamily of four closely related receptor tyrosine kinases: EGFR(ErbB-1), HER2/c-neu(ErbB-2), Her 3(ErbB-3) and Her 4(ErbB-4). EGFR exists on the cell surface and is activated by binding of its specific ligands, including epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha(TGFalpha). EGFR and its ligands are cell signaling molecules involved in diverse cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival, and in tissue development. Mutations that lead to EGFR overexpression(known as upregulation) or overactivity have been associated with a number of cancers, including lung cancer and glioblastoma multiforme. In this latter case a more or less specific mutation of EGFR, called EGFRvIII is often observe

Eotaxin, also known as CCL11, is a potent inducer of eosinophil chemotaxis and is considered as a selective ligand of the CC chemokine receptor 3(CCR3), which is expressed on eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 lymphocytes. Eotaxin is assumed to be involved in eosinophilic inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma and parasitic infections. The gene maps to chromosome 17 and is expressed constitutively at high levels in small intestine and colon, and at lower levels in various other tissues. The deduced mature protein sequence is 66% identical to human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and 60% identical to guinea pig eotaxin. Recombinant human eotaxin produced in insect cells induces a calcium flux response in normal human eosinophils, but not in neutrophils or monocytes. The human eotaxin gene is cloned and found to be 61.8 and 63.2% identical at the amino acid level to guinea pig and mouse eotaxin.

Eotaxin, also known as CCL11, is a potent inducer of eosinophil chemotaxis and is considered as a selective ligand of the CC chemokine receptor 3(CCR3), which is expressed on eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 lymphocytes. Eotaxin is assumed to be involved in eosinophilic inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma and parasitic infections. The gene maps to chromosome 17 and is expressed constitutively at high levels in small intestine and colon, and at lower levels in various other tissues. The deduced mature protein sequence is 66% identical to human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and 60% identical to guinea pig eotaxin.

Chemokine(C-C motif) ligand 24(CCL24) also known as myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 2(MPIF-2) or eosinophil chemotactic protein 2(eotaxin-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL24 gene. By use of PCR analysis of somatic cell hybrid DNAs, radiation hybrid mapping, and a chromosome 7-specific YAC library, mapped the SCYA24 gene to chromosome 7q11.23. CCL24 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. CCL24 interacts with chemokine receptor CCR3 to induce chemotaxis in eosinophils.3 This chemokine is also strongly chemotactic for resting T lymphocytes and slightly chemotactic for neutrophils.

Erythropoietin, EPO, also known as hematopoietin or hemopoietin, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. It is a cytokine for erythrocyte(red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow. Its gene is mapped to 7q22. It is said that the EPO gene encodes a deduced 193-amino acid propolypeptide. This hormone can be found in kidney and liver. It is the hormone that regulates red blood cell production. And it plays an important role in the brain's response to neuronal injury. What's more, EPO is also involved in the wound healing process.