Chemicals

Urobilin Hydrochloride is produced via the oxidation of urobilinogen a degradation product of bilirubin and excreted in the urine. Bilirubin is a water insoluble tetrapyrrole produced from the reduction of biliverdin in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme bilirverdin reductase. Water insoluble bilirubin (also called indirect bilirubin) in vivo undergoes glucuronidation in the liver (addition of one or two glucuronic acids through a glycosidic bond) to form the water soluble bilirubin mono or diglucuronide (also called bilirubin conjugate or direct bilirubin). Bilirubin conjugate is excreted from the liver in bile or is converted to mesobilinogen via gut bacteria and then to urobilinogen and excreted in the urine as urobilin or stercobilinogen and excreted in the feces as stercobilin. Urobilin Hydrochloride is soluble in basic aqueous solutions (pH > 9 for intitial dissolution) and soluble down to pH 7 once in solution as well as methanol and ethanol if made slightly basic.Reference

Stercobilin Hydrochloride is produced via the oxidation of stercobilinogen a degradation product of bilirubin and excreted in the feces. Bilirubin is a water insoluble tetrapyrrole produced from the reduction of biliverdin in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme bilirverdin reductase. Water insoluble bilirubin (also called indirect bilirubin) undergoes glucuronidation in the liver (addition of one or two glucuronic acids through a glycosidic bond) to form the water soluble bilirubin mono or diglucuronide (also called bilirubin conjugate or direct bilirubin). Bilirubin conjugate is excreted from the liver in bile or is converted to mesobilinogen via gut bacteria and then to urobilinogen and excreted in the urine as urobilin or stercobilinogen and excreted in the feces as stercobilin. Stercobilin Hydrochloride is soluble in basic aqueous solutions (pH > 9 for initial dissolution) and soluble down to pH 7 once in solution as well as methanol and ethanol if made slightly basic.Reference

Mesobiliverdin IX is an analog of biliverdin which occurs naturally in non-vertebrates and by bacterial transformation of non-conjugated bilirubin in mammals. Biliverdin has been proposed as a treatment for acute and chronic inflammation conditions such as diabetes but until recently it had been limited by scalable production and contamination of other isomers in animal sourced material. Mesobiliverdin is a substrate for bilverdin reductase and has recently been produced in scalable quantities from phycocyanobilin derived from cyanobacteria. Treatment of pancreata with Mesobiliverdin (1-100 μM) increased functional islet production up to 86% over non-treated controls. Transplantation of mesobiliverdin produced islets into STZ inducible diabetic rats lowered non-fasting blood glucose levels in 55% of subjects (22% for control) indicating recovery of insulin-dependant function.References1) T. Ito et al. “Mesobiliverdin IXa enhances pancreatic islet yield and production” Front. Pharm

Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is a building block in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. Isoprenoid compounds are a diverse group of natural products which are essential components in all cells. Isoprenoids are biosynthesized from the simple precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Eukaryotes fungi and some gram-positive bacteria produce IPP through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway whereas gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria utilize the non-mevalonate or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway.Provided as the tris-ammonium saltAlternate Names: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate IPPBulk discounts available please email echelon@echelon-inc.com for information. Powered by Bioz See more details on Bioz

Dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) is a building block in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. Isoprenoid compounds are a diverse group of natural products which are essential components in all cells. Isoprenoids are biosynthesized from the simple precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Eukaryotes fungi and some gram-positive bacteria produce IPP through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway whereas gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria utilize the non-mevalonate or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway.Provided as the tris-ammonium saltAlternate Names: Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate DMPPBulk discounts available please email echelon@echelon-inc.com for information. Powered by Bioz See more details on Bioz

Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) is an intermediate in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Isoprenoid compounds are a diverse group of natural products which are essential components in all cells. Isoprenoids are biosynthesized from the simple precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Eukaryotes fungi and some gram-positive bacteria produce IPP through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway whereas gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria utilize the non-mevalonate or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. GPP is formed by the condensation of DMAPP and IPP catalyzed by geranyl diphosphate synthase.Provided as the tris-ammonium saltAlternate Names: Geranyl pyrophosphate GPPBulk discounts available please email echelon@echelon-inc.com for information. Powered by Bioz See more details on Bioz

Isoprenoid compounds are a diverse group of natural products which are essential components in all cells. Isoprenoids are biosynthesized from the simple precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Eukaryotes fungi and some gram-positive bacteria produce IPP through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway whereas gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria utilize the non-mevalonate or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Neryl diphosphate is a precursor for monoterpenes such as mycrene and cyclic monoterpenes such as limonene.Provided as the tris-ammonium saltFeatured in Publications1. Nagel R. J. Gershenzon et al. (2012). "Nonradioactive assay for detecting isoprenyl diphosphate synthase activity in crude plant extracts using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry." Analytical Biochemistry 422(1): 33.2. Falara V. Akhtar T. A. Nguyen T. T. H. Spyropoulou E. A. Bleeker P. M. Schauvinhold I. ... Pichersky E.(

Trans trans-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) is an intermediate in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Isoprenoid compounds are a diverse group of natural products which are essential components in all cells. Isoprenoids are biosynthesized from the simple precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Eukaryotes fungi and some gram-positive bacteria produce IPP through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway whereas gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria utilize the non-mevalonate or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. FPP is formed by the condensation of DMAPP with two units of IPP catalyzed by farnesyl diphosphate synthase.Provided as the tris-ammonium saltProduct Keywords: Farnesyl pyrophosphate FPP trans trans-Farnesyl DiphosphateBulk discounts available please email echelon@echelon-inc.com for information. Powered by Bioz See more details on Bioz

Isoprenoid compounds are a diverse group of natural products which are essential components in all cells. Isoprenoids are biosynthesized from the simple precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Eukaryotes fungi and some gram-positive bacteria produce IPP through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway whereas gram-negative and some gram-positive bacteria utilize the non-mevalonate or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. 2Z 6Z-Farnesyl diphosphate is synthesized by Z-farnesyl diphosphate synthase (M. tuberculosis) from neryl diphosphate.  It is not a substrate for protein-farnesyl transferase.Bulk discounts available please email echelon@echelon-inc.com for information.