Lipids

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11(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic acid is an uncommon, naturally occurring PUFA. It inhibits the binding of [3H]-LTB4 to pig neutrophil membranes with a Ki of 3 µM.

Eicosatrienoic Acid (20:3ω-3) is a rare polyunsaturated fatty acid of the ω-3 series. In normal humans, it represents less than 0.25% of serum phospholipid fatty acids. However, it is one of the most active essential fatty acids when assayed for the inhibition of fatty acid elongation/desaturation reactions which convert dietary C-18 fatty acids to C-20 eicosanoid precursors.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is an orally active Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 LC-PUFA). Eicosapentaenoic Acid exhibits a DNA demethylating action that promotes the re-expression of the tumor suppressor gene CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ). Eicosapentaenoic Acid activates RAS/ERK/C/EBPβ pathway through H-Ras intron 1 CpG island demethylation in U937 leukemia cells. Eicosapentaenoic Acid can promote relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells and vasodilation.

Docosapentaenoic acid is an ω-3 fatty acid found in fish oils. It is a minor constituent of the total serum unsaturated fatty acids in humans, ranging from 0.1 to 1%, and increases on dietary supplementation.

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a 22-carbon fatty acid found in fish oils. It is a minor constituent of the total serum unsaturated fatty acids in humans, ranging from 0.1 to 1%, and increases on dietary supplementation. all-cis-4,7,10,13,16-DPA, also known as osbond acid, is an isomer of DPA. It is an ω-6 fatty acid formed by the elongation and desaturation of arachidonic acid. Levels of this fatty acid may be diminished during fatty acid desaturase syndrome and this may affect development. Upregulated expression of hepatic elongation of very long fatty acids protein 6 and increased levels of very long chain fatty acids, including all-cis-4,7,10,13,16-DPA, are characteristic of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a preneoplastic condition of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Erucic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), is isolated from the seed of Raphanus sativus L. Erucic acid can readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it has been reported to normalize the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids in the brain. Erucic acid can improve cognitive impairment and be effective against dementia .